Filial responsibility laws california. have some type of filial responsibility laws in place.
Filial responsibility laws california 115, Sec. Furthermore, California has been relatively lax in enforcing Family Code 4400, which contains the foundation for California’s filial laws. Wages can be garnished, liens imposed on property and credit reports tarnished. The Golden State may not be so golden if you’re blindsided by its filial responsibility law. California. 8 Although state 3. of Am. Filial laws place a requirement on adult children to support a parent who is unable support themselves. PLAN. Except as otherwise provided by law, an adult child shall, to the extent of the adult child’s ability, support a parent who is in need and unable to self-maintain by work. v. For example, if she's got $50k of credit card debt, there is no way that that transfers to you - it transfers to her estate upon her passing, and if Aug 22, 2010 · This is a great question - but like many things in the legal world, the answer is not that easy. Some states have filial responsibility laws that require adult children to partially or fully provide their parents with financial help. (1) It is the duty of every adult child, having the financial ability, to furnish and provide necessary food, clothing, shelter, medical attendance, and burial, entombment, or cremation costs for an indigent parent, unless, in the judgment of the court or jury, the child is excused by reason of Nov 25, 2024 · Filial responsibility laws, also known as filial support laws, are legal provisions that require adult children to financially support their indigent parents. 20. However, it’s essential to consider the financial and legal aspects of caring for aging parents and explore alternative options and government assistance programs to ensure Jun 28, 2024 · Filial Support Responsibility in California: California Family Code Section 4404 states that the following factors (both child and parent) will be considered when determining the amount of support a child needs to provide to their parents. July 10, 2018). 210 (Crime) Arizona No Current Statute. Filial Responsibility. I wouldn’t put it past my parents to use these laws to their advantage if it came down to it This isn't super relevant since it's not filial support laws that require paying for the cost of disposing of the body, but there actually is a way to get out of filial support responsibility for this reason (Cal. Ct. Corp. Reply reply Aug 30, 2013 · States With Filial Responsibility Laws States with filial responsibility laws are: Alaska, Arkansas, California Fam. Oct 30, 2024 · Filial responsibility laws require adult children to support their infirm or indigent parents. § 20-88. However, many families live in separate states, making it difficult to determine liability. App. Alaska Stat. At this point, the numbers do not lie — boomers had it astonishingly easier than pretty much every Dec 1, 2024 · Conversely, states like California have repealed their filial responsibility laws, reflecting a shift towards prioritizing government support systems over individual familial obligations. From what I have read, it sounds like more enforcement of these laws that require children to support indigent parents is coming. A-2956-16T4, 2018 WL 3352770 (N. While state laws differ, the following are examples from a select few: California. And filial-responsibility laws provide no protection for seniors who have no children. This law allows for significant legal consequences for adult children who fail to support their indigent parents, including civil lawsuits initiated by healthcare providers seeking reimbursement for unpaid medical bills. But I swear the whole concept of filial piety has been weaponized since the moment the term was coined. Other states, such as Iowa, haven't heard a filial responsibility case in a couple hundred years. While these laws are rarely enforced, they can require adult children to pay for their parents' food, housing, and medical Aug 17, 2021 · Some states have filial responsibility laws while others don't. States, such as California, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania do. How can filial support laws impact estate planning? Filial support laws can affect estate planning by creating potential liabilities for children if their parents are unable to self-support. Making children responsible for their parents’ bills if they can’t afford to pay is the basis of the filial responsibility laws. Nov 2, 2024 · Criteria for Filial Responsibility. See Robin M. Seek the advice of your financial and legal advisors to help you understand the law in your state. Therefore, a discussion of California’s laws regarding fi lial support also involves a discussion of California’s laws regarding adult child Jan 26, 2024 · The concept of being 'legally responsible' for elderly parents depends on filial laws, and California is among the 30 states in the U. HOW FILIAL RESPONSIBILITY LAWS ARE USED TODAY These days, Anderson says filial responsibility laws tend to be used more sparingly New Jersey Appellate Division Weighs In On Filial Responsibility. 030, 47. Schedule a call with us to create the best plan for you. Your financial advisor can help ensure your parent is provided for in Jan 26, 2024 · Although these filial laws vary from state to state, in general, the following is what you need to know if this law may apply to you. states with filial responsibility laws. Mar 20, 2023 · The elder law attorneys at Barley Snyder are well-versed with Pennsylvania’s filial support laws and know how to create strategies for avoiding filial support claims. No relative shall be held legally liable to support or to contribute to the support of any applicant for or recipient of aid under this chapter. The New Jersey Statute, N. It shall be the joint and several duty of all persons eighteen years of age or over, of sufficient earning capacity or income, after reasonably providing for his or her own immediate family, to assist in providing for the support and maintenance of his or her mother or father, he or she being then and there in necessitous circumstances. 109. These states are shown in the table below. 001 Breast-feeding in public place 109. 20-47-106; Jan 3, 2025 · California offers some safeguards that limit the scope of filial responsibility laws. ” California Family Code §§ 4400-4405. Early Legislation. California Filial Support Law In California, the filial support law provides that “every adult child who, having the ability so to do, fails to provide necessary food, clothing, shelter, or medical attendance for an indigent parent, is guilty of a misdemeanor. states had statutes obligating an adult child Aug 30, 2024 · In California, these laws are outlined in the California Family Code and can have implications for trust and estate administration. While California doesn’t enforce it often, it’s still on the books. Filial responsibility laws are legal rules that hold adult children financially responsible for their parents’ medical care when parents are unable to pay. My parents were abusive. "Elder Care in the United States: Filial Responsibility Laws, Judicial Decisions, and Enforcement Issues," Pages 73-74. 25. States with some level of filial responsibility laws (presently and previously) include: Alaska; Arkansas; California; Connecticut; Delaware; Georgia So, does California have filial responsibility laws? Yes, it does, and here is what the California law says. The law surrounding filial responsibility is complicated. Jun 1, 2018 · Table 1: Comprehensive Listing of Filial Responsibility Laws. 47-25-230 . Jun 7, 2024 · Filial responsibility laws are not unique to California but are present in over 20 other states and territories across the United States. 2019, Ch. In California, these laws are outlined in Family Code Section 4400. California’s law requires an adult child, “to the extent of the adult child’s ability,” to support a parent who is unable to support themselves. At the other end of the spectrum, Idaho has repealed its filial support law. 230; Arkansas Code Ann. This means if your parents need financial support, the law could require you to help. 11 § 11-51-210: Details the offense of endangering the Pennsylvania, unfortunately, has been one of the few to decide recently that it will continue to enforce the filial responsibility laws and has had judges who have upheld it. Learn more here. Not all states have filial responsibility laws, and not all families are liable. In 2012, a Pennsylvania court ordered a child of a nursing home resident to pay her bill because the resident did not qualify for Medicaid, based on receiving a pension. Super. Filial responsibility turns on the notion that an adult child should be obligated to pay for a parent’s housing, care 29 states have 'filial' laws that force adult kids to care for their elderly parents. For those living in California, understanding these laws is vital. These laws vary widely in their scope and enforcement. A dozen states impose criminal penalties. §§ 44:1-139, 44:4-100, imposes the determination of whether a relative is “chargeable by law for [a poor indigent person’s] support” on the Mar 22, 2024 · States With Filial Responsibility Laws. Filial support laws obligate adult children to provide necessities like food, clothing, housing, and medical attention for their parents who can't afford to take care of themselves. Apr 12, 2021 · The laws differ widely across the states and produce inconsistent results. This repeal suggests a legislative preference for structured welfare programs to address the needs of the elderly, rather than placing the burden solely on I put myself through school and through lots of hard work and frugality I am doing ok now. L. This article tracks modern developments with filial support laws that May 13, 2023 · Are filial laws enforced in California? California Filial Support Law In California, the filial support law provides that “every adult child who, having the ability so to do, fails to provide necessary food, clothing, shelter, or medical attendance for an indigent parent, is guilty of a misdemeanor. Apr 27, 2024 · To gain a better understanding of the legal responsibilities related to elderly parents, it is important to explore various aspects such as filial responsibility laws, healthcare and financial support, legal guardianship, power of attorney, long-term care obligations, and planning for the future. Randall: The Renaissance of Filial Responsibility, 40 S. Sep 16, 2021 · This legal brief by the Ohio Legislative Service Commission indicates (based on case law in Ohio) that. The states that have such laws on the books are Alaska, Arkansas, California’s fi lial support and adult child support laws remained closely intertwined until 1994 when they were separated into two different statutes (Family Code §4400 and §3910, respectively). Jun 24, 2024 · What Are Filial Responsibility Laws in California? Filial responsibility laws, also known as filial support laws, are legal statutes that require adult children to financially support their parents if they are unable to do so themselves. ” California is one of 30 states with a filial responsibility law on the books. As to how such laws are legal they are legal because laws were passed to allow such actions. [1] In some cases the duty is extended to other relatives. Exceptions to Filial Support Laws their filial support statutes in an attempt to find another way to fund mom’s or dad’s nursing home bill. STATE STATUTE MOST RECENT CASES REGARDING ADULT CHILD LIABILITY FOR SUPPORT OF PARENT Alabama No Current Statute Alaska Alaska Stat. Family Code Section 4400 is currently being undermined by California Welfare and Institutions Code 12350 which states: Filial responsibility laws (filial support laws, filial piety laws) are laws in the United States that impose a duty, usually upon adult children, for the support of their impoverished parents or other relatives. Courts may not have the power to enforce these laws against children who live in disparate states. Even though most (30) states have filial support laws on the books, many have never enforced them. I am not currently having legal issues with this, but foresee that I may and was curious. Common-law systems generally derive from English law, which did away with common law filial responsibility in the 17th century, in favour of a statutory framework (the Poor Relief Act 1601). See also Jacobus ten Broek, California's Dual System of Family Law: Its Origin, Development, and Present Status, Part I, The Dickinson School of Law Abstract Family responsibility and support laws have a long but mixed history. Nov 20, 2017 · In such cases, a claim cannot be made against a child to recover the cost of care. Puerto Rico also has filial responsibility laws. § 4603. California Family Code section 4400 (“FC 4400”) states that, “Except as otherwise provided by law, an adult child shall, to the extent of the adult child’s ability, support a parent who is in need and unable to self-maintain by work. The following list contains the states that recognize some form of filial support laws, and it includes the citation to the laws where further information may be found: Alaska Stat. In some cultures, adult children are expected to care for their aging parents — a filial duty. FAM Code § 4400 - 4400. Family Code [4410 - 4414]). In fact, they were initially derived from England’s 16 th century “Poor Laws. Nov 17, 2014 · Currently, Pennsylvania is the only state to aggressively enforce its filial responsibility laws. In short - California does have "filial responsibility" laws. Egg Harbor Care Ctr. I am really concerned because she is in a state that has filial responsibility laws. And California law states that “no demand shall be made upon any relative to support or contribute toward support” of state aid recipients. Overall, it seems like these laws are very rarely enforced in general - but most importantly (as I understand it) "filial responsibility" laws do not imply you would eventually inherit her debts. Aug 2, 2022 · At one point, 45 US states had statutes that left adult children responsible for their parents’ nursing home care. 25. The filial laws were enacted in 1994 and amended in 2019 in California Family Code Sections 4400-4405. Oct 28, 2013 · Some 30 states have "filial support" or "filial responsibility" laws, which create a statutory duty for adult children to provide financially for their parents if the parents cannot otherwise pay. Financial liability cannot extend beyond an individual’s ability to pay, ensuring that adult children are not forced into poverty themselves. ) Dec 27, 2020 · However, these laws are rarely enforced. Statute overrides case law, and while that law is no longer in force, its repeal does not automatically reinstate prior common law. Filial responsibility is a legal concept in which an adult child is financially responsible for their parents’ unpaid healthcare costs. Primary among these is elder law, which encompasses a variety of legal issues that affect older or disabled persons, including matters related to healthcare, long-term care planning, guardianship, retirement, social security, and estate planning . Duty of child to support indigent parents. I have a question about filial responsibility laws in California. And under these laws a care facility or other health care provider can make the adult children of indigent parents responsible for paying debts incurred for their care. 25 § 25-20-030: Duty of parent and child to maintain each other; 47 § 47-25-230: Able family members are expected to support the elderly while living and upon dying and may be required to reimburse the state providing the elderly a decent burial. 003 Attorney fees 109. Currently, thirty states have filial responsibility statutes. Filial responsibility laws impose a legal obligation on adult children to take care of their parents’ basic needs and medical care. Dec 12, 2024 · Pennsylvania has one of the most robust filial responsibility laws in the country, outlined in Title 23 Pa. More than half of the states in our country have filial responsibility laws — laws that can make adult children financially responsible for their parents’ medical bills and other necessities of life when the parents do not have the means to pay on their own. These laws are in place in over half of US states, as well as Canada, Germany, France, Singapore, India, and China. Filial responsibility laws can be very different from state to state. Feb 3, 2014 · Filial support laws aren’t new. These laws are rarely enforced, but the presence of such statutes highlights the importance of family bonds. The criteria for filial responsibility in Virginia are outlined in section 20-88, which mandates that adult children, aged eighteen or older, with sufficient earning capacity or income, are obligated to support their parents if they are in necessitous circumstances. (Amended by Stats. Does California have filial responsibility laws? California Filial Support Law In California, the filial support law provides that “every adult child who, having the ability so to do, fails to provide necessary food, clothing, shelter, or medical attendance for an indigent parent, is guilty of a Aug 28, 2022 · Today 30 states have some type of filial responsibility laws on their books. This Appellate Division opinion focuses on whether family members can be personally liable for the costs of a loved one’s nursing home care facility. Mari Park, The Parent Trap: Health Care & Ret. While many states still have these antiquated laws on the books, Pennsylvania stands as the only state enforcing these laws over the past 25 years. There are currently 26 states (and Puerto Rico) with some type of filial responsibility laws on the books: Alaska; Arkansas (for mental health services only) California; Connecticut; Delaware; Georgia; Indiana; Kentucky; Louisiana; Massachusetts; Mississippi; Montana; Nevada (if there is a written agreement to pay Filial responsibility laws refer to the legal obligations imposed on adult children to financially support their aging parents. Georgia’s statute, for example, simply states that a child who’s able must support an impoverished parent. Your question involves a legal concept called "filial responsibility" which is the idea that adult children have the responsibility to care for their elderly parents. J. Scheraldi, No. California has a law imposing a similar financial responsibility on children, and also has a law denying such Jun 14, 2024 · What Are Filial Responsibility Laws in California? Filial responsibility laws, also known as filial support laws, are legal statutes that require adult children to financially support their parents if they are unable to do so themselves. (AB 1817) Effective January 1, 2020. Q. Japan, China, Korea, and Vietnam are all examples of cultures ingrained with caring for the elderly. I've been exploring Korean and Chinese dramas and fantasies on Netflix lately and it's fascinating to watch how societies built on a bedrock foundation Jan 18, 2024 · At least 28 states and Puerto Rico have filial responsibility laws that mandate adult children must pay for their parent’s basic life needs, should they need it, including nursing home care. States like Pennsylvania and South Dakota have seen more active enforcement, often involving substantial financial obligations for adult children. Updated March 5, 2012 . 015 Proceedings for child support if child receives public assistance 109. Code 4400, 4401, 4403, 4410-4414 (West 1994), Dec 25, 2024 · Filial responsibility laws have roots tracing back to early legislation aimed at securing support for the elderly. 51. Early forms of filial responsibility laws emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 020 Jun 4, 2021 · Every state used to have some form of a filial responsibility law in the era before governmental programs like Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid were implemented to help support people based on need and age. Remember, you should always seek legal advice from an attorney with experience in filial responsibility law to help you properly assess your situation. ” Jan 22, 2016 · Contrary to Pennsylvania, during the last 50 years there has not been any case law in New Jersey which seeks to enforce the state’s filial responsibility law. Filial responsibility laws are legal requirements for adult children to support their parents financially. After Medicaid was established in 1965, many states repealed these laws. At the present time, 30 states have statutory standards regarding filial responsibility. Florida does not have filial responsibility laws. Jan 8, 2025 · 3. 1 Shannon Frank Edelstone, Filial Responsibility: Can the Legal Duty to Support Our Parents Be Effectively Enforced?, 36 FAM. However, the upside is that authorities rarely enforce these laws. Pittas, How it Reinforced Filial Responsibility Laws and Whether Filial Responsibility Laws Can Really Make You Pay, 5 EST. May 6, 2022 · According to Katherine Pearson, professor at Dickinson Law at Penn State University, “(s)tate filial-responsibility laws can be traced back to 16th century English ‘Poor Laws,’ which created an obligation for financially able family members to support indigent relatives as an alternative to the newly established public welfare system. In California, the filial support law provides that “every adult child who, having the ability so to do, fails to provide necessary food, clothing, shelter, or medical attendance for an indigent parent, is guilty of a misdemeanor. Journal of Criminal Justice and Law. § 25. Oct 22, 2024 · Filial responsibility refers to the responsibility family members have to pay for their indigent family member’s obligations, most commonly medical bills. Feb 19, 2014 · Now, however, these laws are a very real and present concern for the adult children of elderly loved ones. Support of parents by children. Sec. ” At one time, as many as 45 U. The specifics of these laws vary, but generally, they require adult children to provide financial support for their parents' basic living needs, including food States With Filial Responsibility Laws States with filial responsibility laws are: Alaska, Arkansas, California Fam. Filial Responsibility States. Filial responsibility laws outline adult children’s duty to support their poor or indigent parents. So, can filial responsibility laws make adult children legally responsible to pay the nursing home bill of their parents? In addition, filial responsibility laws may be used to obligate adult children to cover the cost of their parents’ food, clothing, shelter and medical expenses when the parents themselves cannot afford to do so. The filial responsibility law in Connecticut is the only one in the United States that brings the age of parents into it. Although rare, there are situations where these laws could be applied: Parental Financial Distress: If your parents are completely destitute and lack access to public benefits or other means of support, courts may enforce filial responsibility laws in California to ensure their needs are met. S. AFAIK it would take away your inheritance rights from that parent -- in other words if you were adopted as an adult by a woman and then your real mother either died intestate or willed her property to "my children," you wouldn't inherit from her. 030 Alaska Stat. Cal. So, the adult child wanting to avoid filial responsibility laws by moving to another state won't matter if a care/medical facility wants to sue the adult child for reimbursement of care. California’s law requires an adult child, “to the extent Jul 23, 2012 · That's where filial responsibility laws come into play. Oct 18, 2024 · Some states, like California, even have laws that contradict their filial responsibility laws: California’s Welfare and Institutions Code, for example, states that no one is liable to pay for a That's actually a really interesting question. Since a parent in need would most likely qualify for some kind of public benefit, and would presumably apply for that benefit, it would be an unlikely scenario where a child would have financial responsibility for his Jun 28, 2024 · Some states have filial responsibility laws that let creditors turn to adult children for payment of their parents' health care costs. Aug 30, 2024 · Filial responsibility laws don’t exist in a vacuum—they intersect with several other areas of law. In short, the law in California appears very unlike that in Pennsylvania, which apparently did not include a similar exception. Code 4400, 4401, 4403, 4410-4414 (West 1994), A review of the state statutes on filial responsibility was conducted in the summer of 1988 in order to determine the current governmental orientations toward family support of the elderly. One of them can probably pay for himself and I'm not worried about having to pay for him. Sesha Kethineni and Gowtami Rajendran. 010 Duty of support 109. California’s filial support laws date back to 1872 and are currently found in California Family Code sections 4400-4405. Div. You may be right that that would work. The filial law system was adopted from England’s “Poor Laws”, a set of social measures meant to support low income citizens that could not afford care. D. It seems that very few political activists are very conscious of filial responsibility laws, which, in conjunction with the Defecit Reduction Act of 2005, may have become a financial time bomb for many unsuspecting adult children. California Could Make You Pay for Mom and Dad’s Healthcare ©Image license via Shutterstock. Understanding this historical framework is essential for grasping the current implications of these laws. that have some form of these laws in place. Temecula Elder Lawyers explain California Welfare and Institution Code 12350. Skip to content See If You Qualify +1 848-456-8333 Apr 10, 2023 · While filial responsibility laws are a minimal risk, however, adult children who help their parents sign the residency agreement for their long-term care facility can also potentially find themselves liable for their parents’ eldercare bills, said Lori Smetanka, executive director of the National Consumer Voice for Quality Long-Term Care, in Pennsylvania is one of 30 states with filial responsbility laws. While such laws are rarely used, therefore, I believe if states really wanted to enforce them, they could. If the parent abandoned the child during their minor years, the law does not impose a duty of support. C. Dec 20, 2024 · When Filial Responsibility Might Be Enforced. Outside the criminal law, an adult child has no legal duty to support a parent unless a contract, express or implied, exists. Filial responsibility laws need to be triggered before going Jan 14, 2022 · "Elder Care in the United States: Filial Responsibility Laws, Judicial Decisions, and Enforcement Issues," Page 80. Very broadly, the following criteria needs to be met in Filial piety is beautiful when it's done in a generous spirit bc one was raised with love. Without proper planning, a moment of generosity can become a legal nightmare for a parent’s children and we can help avoid these nightmares. The extent of this responsibility varies by state. (Amended by Stats. Only PA aggressively does so. They're based on the centuries-old moral principle of filial piety, which holds that adult children… Feb 26, 2010 · The California Supreme Court, ruling on an attempt at a class action to block a filial responsibility statute, decided in 1973 that the law was constitutional. In 2024, there are 30 U. One of the main reasons why filial responsibility laws are not widely enforced is due to the fact that in the context of needs-based government programs such as Medicaid, federal law has prohibited states from considering the financial In other words, Virginia’s filial responsibility law does not apply if the parent is receiving Medicaid! This exception is crucial to understand and means that it is essential that adult children help their parents plan to receive Medicaid if these adult children don’t want to wind up being responsible for their parent’s nursing home care Jun 30, 2022 · California is one of the few states which has enacted filial laws. 518, 528 (1995). Statute(s) Alaska. Jacobson, Note, Americana Healthcare Center v. Bill Boushka said. Mar 6, 2024 · Filial support laws may also be known as filial responsibility laws or filial piety laws depending on the state. Rev. When determining the amount of support to which a parent may be entitled Jul 30, 2021 · Filial responsibility laws, enacted by individual states, create a duty for adult children to care for their parents. Dec 28, 2020 · Filial Responsibility Laws, Definition. 2019, Feb 15, 2021 · Duty Of Child To Support Indigent Parents 40-6-301. In Chapter 816, Sec 46b-215, the state considers a person who “neglects or refuses to furnish reasonably necessary support” to their parent who is “under the age of sixty-five shall be deemed guilty of nonsupport and shall be imprisoned not more than a This includes their long-term care costs and other medical bills. have some type of filial responsibility laws in place. Connecticut. Filial responsibility laws differ between states. Filial support refers to a statutorily-imposed obligation for adult children to be financially responsible for the debts or obligations associated with the care of an elderly parent. A. May 22, 2024 · Although, in practice, these filial responsibility laws rarely cause children to have to pay for their parents' bills, a 2012 Pennsylvania appeals court ruled that an adult son of a nursing home resident would have to pay his mother's $93,000 nursing home bill based on the Pennsylvania filial responsibility law. Specifically, California Family Code section 4400 (“FC 4400”) states that, “Except as otherwise provided by law, an adult child shall, to the extent of the adult child’s ability, support a parent who is in need and unable to self-maintain by work. The details/extent of the laws also vary based on state. & CMTY. 54. But again, this doesn't help you with duty of interment. That’s not to say however, that filial laws will never see the light of day in our state. Mar 5, 2012 · FAMILY (FILIAL) RESPONSIBILITY/SUPPORT STATUTES in the UNITED STATES . State. Although most people are not aware of them, 30 states in the U. In California, this is governed by Family Code Section 4400 , which states that adult children must support parents in need of basic necessities like food, shelter, and medical care . Jan 10, 2025 · Under the state’s filial responsibility statutes, children may be called upon to provide financial support. § 11. Examples of states’ filial responsibility laws. ” Oct 29, 2023 · While California has filial responsibility laws that technically make adult children legally responsible for their elderly parents, the enforcement of these laws is rare. 501, 501 (2002). California Filial Support/Responsibility Law. In this video, Daniel Hunt (Ce Mar 7, 2024 · Depending upon your state’s filial responsibility laws, if a court in one of these filial responsibility states orders that a judgment may be enforced against the adult child, any number of unfortunate legal remedies, such as liens, wage garnishments, and even potential jail time can be imposed. Jan 9, 2025 · Filial responsibility laws hold adult children legally obligated to support their parents if they cannot provide for themselves. While they may rarely be enforced, they do exist in 29 states, including California. Oct 18, 2024 · Example of a Filial Responsibility Law Applied Pennsylvania is one of the states that have a filial responsibility law. When first enacted, policy makers used such laws to declare an official policy that family members should support each other, rather than draw upon public resources. 012 Liability of parents for expenses and education of children 109.
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